Introduction
In the IAEA Safety Reports Series No. 49 [1] an overview is given of the industrial sectors that are of concern when evaluating the presence of naturally occurring radionuclides in several industrial sectors. In expanded technical documents the NORM related industries [2,3,4] and their issues are described to a certain level of detail. Despite the large body of available...
In NORM industries, there is a potential for routine radiation exposure to workers. The Act on Protective Action Guidelines against Radiation in Natural Environment was enacted in Korea to protect workers against ionizing radiation from NORM in 2012. The radiological protection programme elements to workers should be consistent with the radiological hazards to approach to optimized...
Problem formulation: the transposition of the Council Directive.
Institute of Public Health has surveyed the current status of NORM/TENORM situation in Hungary in order to provide assistance in the transposition of the Council Directive and to develop the system of the authority requirements. The survey was commissioned by the of Hungarian Atomic Energy Authority. Assessing the gathered...
The naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORMs) distributed in products, by-products and waste produced in some mineral industries in Thailand were investigated to acquire the data regarding NORM characteristics, such as the occurrence and distribution of NORM, in these industries. The two principal NORM isotopes: Ra-226 and Ra-228 in the samples were analyzed by gamma spectrometry...
The FINNORM-project at the Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority in Finland aims to update the Finnish NORM-inventory, develop recommendations for the practical enforcement of recently updated NORM-regulations, produce informative communication materials for the industry, investigate protocols for exposure assessments and their evaluation by the regulator, and make case studies on selected...
In addition to nuclear facilities, the National Nuclear Energy Commission (CNEN) also acts in the control of mining and milling facilities not related to nuclear fuel cycle, but in which the ore contains uranium and/or thorium associated with these substances in such quantities that make it necessary compliance with safety and radiological protection requirements. Within this scope of action,...
Humans are exposed to ionizing radiation usually from Natural Occurring Radioactivity Materials (NORM) in soil, phosphate fertilizers, building materials, food and even to the elements of their own bodies. In order to study the dispersal process and activity concentration of the U-238, Th-232 and K-40 radionuclides on the coast of the entire Gulf of Tunis: This sedimentary area at the mouth of...
In Central Spain it is located a quite surficial alluvial deposit with grey-monazite nodules containing high levels of light rare earths. These nodules are in the field at concentrations (2.5-3 kg/m3) that makes interesting their commercial exploitation
The grey-monazites contain also radionuclides from the uranium and thorium series at levels higher than 1 Bq/g, being then necessary to...
The Decree-Law 108/2018 of 3 December 2018 establishes the legal regime for radiation protection, transposing Directive 2013/59/Euratom to the Portuguese Law. The Portuguese radiation protection policy is based on UE Directives, on international conventions and on recommendations of appropriate international bodies like the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) and the...
The Brazilian territory is constituted predominantly by sedimentary basins and crystalline massifs (magmatic and metamorphic rocks) and the natural radioactivity observed in the environment is not constant. The mineral extraction and physical and chemical processing of NORM can change the distribution of radioactive elements, resulting in materials with high radioactivity. The NORM associated...
Over the past few decades, many studies have found elevated natural radionuclide activity concentrations in wastes and residues from a wide range of industrial activities in such as mining, oil and gas exploration. Uncontrolled work activities involving Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) can lead to unwanted exposure and dispersal posing risks and unnecessary doses to human...
In the Netherlands several inventories into radioactive waste were performed over the last decades (concerning wastes containing both artificial and/or natural nuclides). In this presentation the aspect of NORM waste in terms of “current” amounts, future amounts as well as the existing waste management and processing infra structure and (potential) mismatches were addressed. In the...
Mining and mineral processing from the extractive industry are the main NORM- related industry in Ghana. Mining in Ghana for several decades has included the extraction of gold, bauxite, manganese, diamond and iron ore in commercial quantities. Among these, gold mining is the most prominent and contributes to about 93% of the exports. In Ghana, there are about 200 mining companies operating...
Radioactive materials which occur naturally and where human activities increase the concentrations of these natural radionuclides causing exposure of people to ionizing radiation are termed as naturally occurring radioactive material, ‘NORM’. All minerals and raw materials contain radionuclides of natural origin and the main radionuclides of interest are those from the 238U and 232Th decay...
Study on NORM inventory and NORM waste management from tin industry in Bangka Island has been done. There are 4 activities in tin industry associated with NORM i.e. tin mining, washing processes, smelting, and tin tailing processing. In tin mining, tin sand is separated from the soil. Tin sand has high natural radionuclide concentration but the mine tailing is in normal level. In washing...
Abstract. China’s Second National Pollution Source Census conducted from 2017 to 2020, NORMs are the only radioactive objects in this census. This survey mainly involved the development and utilization of 15 mineral resources, including rare earth, niobium/tantalum, zircon, zirconia and tin etc. More than 30,000 enterprises were included in the preliminary survey, and nearly 2,000 enterprises...
China’s Second National Pollution Source Census conducted from 2017 to 2020, NORMs are the only radioactive objects in this census.The work plan was prepared by the Nuclear and Radiation Safety Center of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment.According to the work content of the census, the main process of the census includes:establishment of an organizational structure, determination of the...
The paper gives an overview of the South African NORM industry and inventories since the establishment of the National Nuclear Regulator (NNR) in the 1990s. The type of waste generated, their quantities and the activity concentration is extensively discussed. Lastly, the paper discusses the state of the waste storage facilities. The occurrence of NORM in South Africa dates back to the 1915s...
