A 360 Degree Look at Commercial TENORM Management in the USA
Lawrence R. Jacobi, Jr., P.E., J.D.
Jacobi Consulting
Austin, Texas USA
In the past couple of decades, management of TENORM in the USA for environmental and health and safety reasons has come to the forefront. New commercial disposal facilities have been...
National and international standards on regulating NORM are sometimes ambiguous. There is a wide variation across the globe in defining the scope of the NORM regulation and implementing the regulation. There is also a notable discrepancy in managing NORM industries. Such situations can lead to regulatory challenges and issues in NORM industries. These issues are briefly discussed as follows:...
Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) waste and residue have become a serious concern to the government of Indonesia due to the huge amount of mining waste in Bangka Island from the tin mining in the past. There are also some mining and refining industries that have the possibility to generate residues containing NORM. The Nuclear Energy Regulatory Agency or BAPETEN enacted a...
This work aims to summarize the Brazilian regulatory framework for NORM facilities, within the National Nuclear Energy Commission (CNEN) scope. In Brazil, mining and milling facilities are subject of regulatory control from environmental regulatory agency and from National Mining Agency. Beyond environmental and mining control, facilities that process NORM, must also be licensed or authorized...
Indonesia already decided its policy on management of TENORM with the issuance of BAPETEN Chairman Regulation (BCR) No. 9 Year 2009 on Intervention on Exposure from TENORM and BAPETEN Chairman Regulation (BCR) No. 16 Year 2013 on Radiation Safety in Storage of TENORM. Both of these regulations have become the regulatory basis for BAPETEN as nuclear regulatory body in Indonesia to introduce its...
Abstract
The main goal of the field of radiation protection is to protect humans and environments from the harm of ionising radiation, regardless of its size and origin. However, NORM has received less attention than other sources of ionising radiation, although the resultant exposure from NORM can be significant. The regulation of NORM did not attract the attention of the radiological...
I would like by the poster present general information about the body State Office for Nuclear Safety of the Czech Republic and information about the planed exposition situation - NORM materials, about regulation, measurement and evaluation, and the obligations of NORM material manufacturers in the Czech Republic.
Regulation is by Act No. 263/2016 Coll., The Atomic Act, defines radiation...
During the past several decades, exposure to naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM) has emerged as one of the outstanding topics in radiation protection. This trend crystallized in the new IAEA (2014) and EU (2013) Basic Safety Standards, both of which established requirements for the regulatory control of NORM processing industries.
Two main practical challenges are specific to...
Already decades ago UNSCEAR Reports reported that exposures to occupants due to natural radionuclides in building materials cannot be always neglected. Radionuclides concerned are from 238U and 232Th series, and the radioactive isotope of 40K. Uncontrolled use of such materials resulted in restrictions, sometimes with large remedial costs.
Exposures are either internal, i.e. due to radon...
There are a number of mining and mineral processing activities carried out on a large commercial scale in Uganda. These include, oil and gas exploration, cement production, production of phosphate fertilizers, extraction of rare earth elements and extraction of monazite sand, among others. Studies carried out by scientific and research organisations such as UNSCEAR and ICRP, among others have...
The work presents the challenges that are being faced during the environmental management project initiation regarding the closed underground uranium mine Gabrovnica in eastern Serbia. The radiological findings show high concentrations of Ra-226 in soil, sediments and mine water collected in the pool near the cluttered grove, whereas the dose rate in some areas goes up to 10µSv/h. Besides the...
Graded Approach in Future Authorization of NORM Industry in Indonesia
E. Yuliati1, W. Laksmono2
1Directorate for Licensing of Nuclear Installations and Materials, Nuclear Energy Regulatory Agency (BAPETEN), Jakarta, Indonesia
2Directorate of Nuclear Installations and Materials Regulation, Nuclear Energy Regulatory Agency (BAPETEN), Jakarta, Indonesia
E-mail contact of main author:...
This paper is intended to describe the implementation of two regulations in controlling NORM in Indonesia. Since 2009, Indonesia has had a regulation in the form of Bapeten Chairman Regulation (BCR) No 9 on Intervention of Exposure due to Technologycally Enhanced Naturally Occuring Radioactive Material (TENORM) and futhermore in 2013, BCR No. 16 on Radiation Safety in the Storage of TENORM....
When our descendants see the desert into which we have turned the Earth, what excuse will they find for us?
Isaac Asimov. Martian Way
After Soviet Union collapse, Kyrgyzstan faced many challenges in the radioactive and hazardous wastes management issues. Since 1993 after becoming independent the Kyrgyzstan start deal with all problems which left...
This paper mainly introduces the legal and regulatory basis for preparation and review, review process and basic requirements of radiation environmental impact assessment documents for NORM facilities in China. This paper analyzes and summarizes the technical points in the review of EIA documents, as well as existing problems and challenges.
Environmental Impact Protection Law and...
Nigeria is one of the major crude oil producers in the world and it is the mainstay of its economy.The production of crude oil and gas are always associated with Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM). They occur in produced water, sludge, scrapings, gas processing facilities etc. NORM can thus contaminate the environment and pose a risk to human health. Therefore,NORM must...
Introduction
One of the main and basic sectors of thea Tajik economy is mining industry. As a result of mining activities, along with the extracted raw materials, a huge amount of natural radionuclides (NORM), which are present in form of impurities in almost any mineral raw material, are transported to the earth surface. During the last 20 years, issues on the need for NORM control in this...
BAPETEN as Indonesia nuclear energy regulatory agency has set an intervention level for radiation exposure derived from Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (TENORM). The intervention level stated in:
• amount or quantity of TENORM; and
• contamination level and / or activity concentration
Intervention level will decide whether or not TENORM produced would...
Along with the development of socio-economy, activities of ores and petroleum exploring exploiting and processing are increasing to meet the demand for energy and industries. These activities, besides bringing great benefits and efficiency to the society, generate significant amounts of norm residues and norm wastes into the environment. These substances can affect human health and the...
Development of industries which are producing NORM residue and waste including oil and gas, uranium milling and mining, water treatment plants, phosphate production, rare earth elements mining in Iran is a subject of great concern for public health and the environment. For integrated management of NORM residue and waste, setting a national strategy is substantial. Iran Radioactive Waste...
A significant part of the radiation exposures in our daily life comes from natural sources. Gamma rays emitting from the earth's crust, cosmic rays, radon and radon decay products in the air, and radioactive elements in food and beverages are natural radioactive sources. Gamma rays emitted from the earth's crust in the region where we live in our country are one of the most important sources...
Practices related to mining and processing of Uranium and Thorium ore are by default regulated as nuclear fuel cycle operations in India. Apart from that, Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) are also encountered in other industrial activities such as processing of Beach Sand Minerals (BSM), processing of Columbite Tantalite Ore, fertilizer industries handling Rock Phosphate and...
The assessment of the radiological impact produced by natural occurring radioactive materials arising in industrial activities, has been a recurring subject in research and development projects carried out in Cuba during the last 30 years. However, the approach toward this subject has been hampered by the lack of regulatory requirements, the limitation of technical and financial resources, the...
Several regulations regarding Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM) management were published by the Indonesian Government through the Ministry of Environment and Forestry and Nuclear Energy Regulatory Agency (BAPETEN) consisting of requirements for NORM storage or disposal. To assist companies generating NORM in complying with the storage or disposal licensing requirements,...
Regulation of NORM presents a range of challenges for both regulators and operators. Since NORM industries have generally had little, if any, radiological control and may not be equipped for radiological monitoring in the world. In Turkey, regulatory framework doesn't exclude NORM management, in that some radiological criteria and rules have been set for radon at workplaces, homes, and...
Mining activities on the ground would usually be accompanied by naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORMs), as well as technologically enhanced naturally occurring radioactive materials (TENORMs), both from the radioactive minerals and minerals that generate the radioactive elements. Radioactive mineral mining activities like uranium mining, phosphate, and others directly generate the...
Abstract
In the Kingdom of Morocco, a new law (142-12) on safety, security and safeguards has been promulgated in 2014. To implement this law, national regulations and related documents are being updated or created to ensure that the national regulatory framework is compatible with the recent IAEA Safety Standards and recognized good international practices. The scope of the decree on the...
Radionuclides of natural origin are originally come from nature contained in ores and raw materials. This material is commonly referred to as Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM). The concentration of radionuclide activity in rocks and soil in nature is usually low. The most common radionuclide elements are radionuclides from the uranium decay series, thorium decay series, and...
There is a large and diverse range of industries involved in mining and mineral processing as well as the production of fossil fuels in the Russian Federation. It is also known that the minerals and raw materials contain radionuclides of natural origin. The paper provides an overview of the present state of the regulatory approach to the safety management of naturally occurring radioactive...
Vietnam has a diverse and abundant mineral resource with more than 60 types of minerals in more than 5000 mines and ore points. From 2000 to present, on average, mineral exploitation (including oil and gas) each year contributes about 10-11% of GDP and over 25% of total state budget revenue.
Binh Dinh is one of the provinces with quite abundant resources with 154 mines and ore points of 24...
From 1952 to 1997 Argentina produced 2 600 tU at an average grade of 0.1 %U, in the form of yellowcake. Some 10 uranium deposits were exploited, distributed along the national territory where both open pit and underground mining have been used with shares of 82% and 18%, respectively. Acidic heap-leaching was the milling technology applied to recover uranium. Consequently, as a result of the...
The oil fields in Egypt are distributed in the North and in Gulf of Suez. In this industry, scale and sludge containing primarily radium can accumulate in equipment and can cause harmful effects to the workers and also to the environment
This document focus into the main point that should be considered during preparation of safety guides for safe handling of NORM that produced from oil and...
GLORIA DOLORESSA
REGULATION DEVELOPMENT FOR NUCLEAR INSTALLATIONS AND MATERIALS
NUCLEAR ENERGY REGULATORY AGENCY (BAPETEN)
ABSTRACT
Some non-nuclear industries initially did not utilize radioactive materials, but in their production process activities made use of raw materials derived from nature, thus forming byproducts in the form of radioactive materials containing TENORM...
The main NORM issue in Indonesia originally is found in oil and minerals mining. NORM may pose risk to workers, public, or the environment. Therefore some NORM materials require radiation control and regulation. Most of NORM residues in Indonesia are regarded as associated minerals and treated as waste. Main mineral industries are not entitled to possess the associated minerals which contain...
The regulatory control of all environmental activities in Uganda is coordinated by National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) established under the National Environment Bill, 2017. This mandates NEMA to regulate environmental practitioners in the environmental and social impact assessment and environmental audit processes and review and make decisions on such assessments, audits and...
For almost 30 years now the federally owned Wismut GmbH has been remediating the legacies of uranium mining and milling in the federal states of Saxony and Thuringia in East Germany. The German national policy for dealing with such legacies is laid down in laws, with the Wismut Act and the Federal Mining Act deserving special mention. In essence, the Federal Mining Act demands that the impact...
Over the years various studies have been conducted in Ghana on the levels of Naturally Radioactive Material in environmental mediums; Soil, Water, Air, food sample. These works have been carried out in isolation by various researcher from departments, universities, agencies of state and some non governmental and international agencies in Ghana. The levels of Radon in various parts of the...
