Board of Radiation and Isotope Technology (BRIT) - A unit of Department of Atomic Energy, Government of India was constituted in the year 1989 and mandated to serve the nation through Radiation and Isotope Technology. Since then, it has been serving the nuclear medicine and industrial sector in the country with host of radiopharmaceutical products and industrial radiography exposure devices,...
The safe and secure transport of radioactive materials, including Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM), is a critical component of nuclear and radiation safety. These operations involve complex logistics spanning initial shipment, post-storage movement, transitional handling, and special arrangements. Robust safety and security practices are essential to protect human health,...
The purpose of this paper is to present the results of Cuba's experience in establishing the principles that were taken into consideration in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the process of establishing an effective synergy between safety and security during the transportation of radioactive material.
One of the riskiest activities during the use of radioactive materials is related to...
The European Association of Competent Authorities for a safe and sustainable transport of radioactive material (EACA) is a network of European authorities responsible for the safety in transport of radioactive material. Membership in the EACA is open to all European countries, is voluntary and not legally binding. Currently, competent authorities from more than 20 countries are members of the...
Canada’s nuclear sector has a long-standing history of transporting radioactive material. As the regulations have evolved, so has the design of the packaging used to perform the transportation. The Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission (CNSC) current requirements for the transportation of radioactive material are detailed in the Packaging and Transportation of Nuclear Substances Regulations 2015...
To assess the risks associated with spent nuclear fuel (SNF) transportation, it is essential to calculate the fuel damage ratio (FDR) of SNF rods loaded in transport casks. Owing to the geometric and material complexity of SNF, modeling the detailed behavior of every fuel rod and assembly within a single cask is impractical. This study therefore proposes a systematic methodology for...
Building a robust security culture is a foundational element for any organization, but culture is especially important for ensuring the safe and secure handling of radioactive materials and in reducing the risk of insider threats. Although the characteristics and attitudes among individuals that constitute culture are widely promoted in the operational environments of fixed facilities—power...
Radioactive waste is regulated by Government Regulation No. 61 of 2013 on Radioactive Waste Management. The Indonesian Government's policy in this matter is to return radioactive waste to its country of origin or transfer the waste to the Radioactive Waste Management Installation (IPLR BRIN). In practice, not all waste processes are carried out legally by either the sender or recipient,...
The transport of radioactive material is governed by stringent safety requirements defined in the IAEA regulations SSR-6. These requirements, especially the thermal and mechanical accident conditions, originate largely from concepts established in the 1960s and have remained essentially unchanged with respect to key thermal boundary conditions. At the same time, the rapid introduction of...
The International Atomic Energy Agency's Nuclear Security Series provides guidance to support Member States as they develop comprehensive nuclear security regimes. Within each Member State, multiple federal stakeholders collaborate to establish security frameworks for the transport of nuclear and radioactive materials. The foundation of nuclear security governance is that Member States...
The transport of radioactive material presents dual challenges: ensuring safety to protect people and the environment from accidental exposure, and ensuring security to prevent malicious acts such as theft, sabotage, or illicit trafficking. Traditionally, transport safety has long focused on the prevention of accidents, radiation exposure minimisation, and ensuring the integrity of packaging...
Radioactive materials are vital globally in industry, medicine, research, and academia, necessitating safe and secure transportation for radiation safety and nuclear security. However, physical inspections are not always feasible in special conditions such as pandemics, natural disasters, or regions with difficult geography and security risks, exemplified by Balochistan (46% of Pakistan's...
Indonesia’s nuclear programme is entering a decisive stage with the planned commissioning of its first nuclear power plant (NPP) by 2032. This milestone will significantly increase the demand for the safe and secure transport of radioactive materials, spanning medical isotopes, research reactor fuel, radioactive sources, and ultimately nuclear fuel cycle materials. Transport is widely...
- INTRODUCTION
Nuclear and radioactive material transportation is a common yet dangerous operation that calls for strict safety and security protocols. From spent nuclear fuel to sealed sources used in radiography, materials are transported. According to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), over 20 million shipments of radioactive material are transported annually worldwide [1]....
The protection of nuclear material in transport against acts of sabotage is a fundamental element of a State’s nuclear security regime. Ensuring that such transports are adequately protected against credible threats is essential to prevent unacceptable radiological consequences resulting from sabotage. International guidance, as set out in the IAEA Nuclear Security Series, emphasises the...
The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) estimates that approximately 20 million shipments of radioactive materials are transported annually worldwide for peaceful purposes across diverse sectors. This extensive utilization of nuclear technologies enables countries to advance their economies, strengthen societal resilience, and contribute to climate change mitigation. Ensuring the safe...
The transportation of radioactive material requires, dependent on type and quantity of the radioactive material, a regulatory approval based on the package type. Safety assessments shall be conducted in compliance with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) regulations and documented in a comprehensive package design safety report to obtain approval from authority. This comprehensive...
A by-product of tin processing and smelting industries, tin slag 2, is naturally radioactive as it originates from uranium and thorium decay chains. Currently, tin slag 2 is stored only in temporary facilities, creating opportunities and increasing the potential for transportation from one location to another, whether for further processing, temporary storage, or disposal. This paper aims to...
Introduction
Each year, approximately 20 million radioactive material transports occur worldwide. These radioactive materials can pose significant risks to humans and the environment. Despite stringent oversight, the CNS Global Incidents and Trafficking database recorded more than 1,500 incidents involving the transport of radioactive materials reported from 2013 to 2021. This data can be...
In 2015, the Indonesian government issued the Government Regulation on the Safety and Security of Transport of Radioactive Materials (GR 58/2015), which was developed based on the SSR 6/2012. Since then, this IAEA safety standard has been revised into SSR 6 rev.1 in 2018. Some improvements in SSR-6/2018 may impact the implementation and necessitate updates to the regulation in Indonesia. In...
This paper provides an update on the issues associated with the transport of naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) in the mining and mineral processing industry and is an update of an earlier publication on the same topic, prepared by two of the authors from the original 2007 paper [1]. The update is required due to regulatory changes and several identified inaccuracies in the...
The nuclear supply chain (NSC) extends the vulnerabilities through disruption by illicit trafficking and counterfeit, fraudulent, and suspect items (CFSI) of nuclear and radioactive materials (NRM). These pervasive issues of illicit trafficking and CFSI can diminish the integrity of systems, structures, components or devices that poses a significant nuclear cyber and physical security threat...
Abdelbagi O. Osman¹, Suleiman Zubaloy1, Suliman Salih2,3
¹ National Cancer Institute, University of Gezira, Wad Medani, Sudan
2 Department of Radiography & Medical Imaging, Fatima College of Health Sciences, Al Maqam, Al Ain, UAE
3Wad Medani University, Wad Medani, Gezira State, Sudan
Abstract: 99Mo/99mTc generators are widely used in nuclear medicine to produce technetium-99m for...
The use of radioactive materials and radiation-emitting devices has become increasingly vital in Ghana’s development, particularly in the fields of healthcare, industry, and scientific research. These materials support essential activities such as cancer treatment, medical diagnostics, industrial radiography, and agricultural innovation. A key enabling factor for these applications is the...
In accordance with SSR-6, paragraph 308, competent authorities are required to periodically assess radiation doses to individuals resulting from the transport of radioactive material, ensuring compliance with the system of protection and safety outlined in GSR Part 3. This synopsis will present the main findings from a recent Norwegian study conducted to meet this requirement.
**Phase 1:...
Delays and denials of radioactive materials pose serious challenges, impacting their beneficial applications, particularly in healthcare, industry, and other sectors. This poster explores the key factors causing such delays and denials, emphasizing the role of human psychological behavior. Additionally, it offers practical tips to help reduce these issues and ensure the timely and effective...
The global deployment of Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) presents unprecedented transport security challenges that existing regulatory frameworks are inadequately equipped to address. Unlike conventional radioactive material shipments, SMR modules constitute high-value strategic nuclear assets requiring extended multi-modal transport through vulnerable maritime, rail, and road networks, creating...
Project Falcon
Beyond visual line of sight (BVLOS) drone use in transport security
A. Taylor
Nuclear Transport Solutions
Warrington, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Email: andrew.taylor@ntsglobal.uk
Synopsis
“Project Falcon” or “Drones in a Box”, refers to the British Transport Police’s (BTP) new remote drone capability using Beyond...
To tackle the issue of delays of and denials in the shipments of radioactive material, one of the main national tools is the identification of regulatory barriers or inconsistencies between national and international legislation, considering the different modes of transport. In this context, the National Committee for the Facilitation of Safe Transport of Radioactive Materials (established in...
The safe and secure transportation of nuclear materials is a strategic and highly regulated activity for Indústrias Nucleares do Brasil (INB). This paper describes INB’s integrated approach to the road transport of uranium concentrate (U₃O₈) from the mining site to the port in Bahia and the transport of uranium hexafluoride (UF₆) from the port to the nuclear site in Rio de Janeiro. These...
As Kenya's nuclear medicine capabilities expand, the safe and secure transport of radiopharmaceuticals particularly fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) produced at Kenyatta University Teaching, Referral & Research Hospital (KUTRRH) to multiple PET/CT centers within the Nairobi region has become a critical component of national emergency preparedness and response (EPR) arrangements. KUTRRH's critical role...
The transport of nuclear and other radioactive material is an essential component of global efforts to support peaceful applications of nuclear technology in fields such as energy, medicine, and industry. While international frameworks established by the IAEA and other organizations have successfully developed distinct standards for transport safety and security, real-world implementation...
Abstract
The safe and secure transport of radioactive material poses critical challenges, particularly for Indonesia as an archipelagic nation on international trade routes. Risks of radiation exposure, theft, or sabotage demand a robust regulatory framework supported by strong safety–security culture. This paper explores Indonesia’s approach in aligning national regulations, such as...
This paper presents Nigeria’s comprehensive emergency preparedness initiative for nuclear material transport, led by the Centre for Energy Research and Training (CERT) in collaboration with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). In anticipation of a high-security transport operation involving nuclear fuel, CERT coordinated a multi-stakeholder training program that included the Nigerian...
CERETRAM constitutes a centralized, electronic notification architecture engineered to rationalize the mandatory regulatory reporting requirements for the transport of radioactive material. The platform's data-driven methodology supports a risk-informed and graded approach to regulatory oversight, prioritizing resources based on assessed hazard. This system yields significant operational...
Abstract
Indonesia’s growing use of radioactive materials in medicine and industry has increased transport frequency across its vast archipelagic territory. This poses safety and security challenges, including risks of unregistered shipments, smuggling, sabotage through contaminated scrap metal, and human factor vulnerabilities. Limited regional presence of the regulatory authority further...
Background
The safe and secure transport of nuclear and radioactive materials is crucial in the practice of Nuclear Medicine, particularly in developing countries such as Tanzania. At the Ocean Road Cancer Institute (ORCI) in Dar es Salaam, we rely heavily on radioactive isotopes like Technetium-99m (Tc-99m) for diagnostic imaging and iodine-131 (I-131) for the treatment of thyroid diseases,...
Abstract
This paper analyzes challenges and lessons learned from transporting radioactive tracer sources to offshore oil platforms, emphasizing safety protocols, regulatory compliance, and operational efficiency. A case study involving Bromine-82 transport with 300 mCi activity demonstrates successful multi-modal transportation from reactor facility to offshore platform, providing insights...
Malaysia’s current reliance on imported transport packages for radioactive materials presents several challenges, including high procurement costs, logistical delays, and dependency on foreign suppliers. This issue is particularly critical for time-sensitive applications such as medical isotopes with short half-lives, as well as for industrial non-destructive testing (NDT) and the use of...
The import of radioactive material from non-EU countries is a highly regulated activity, requiring strict compliance with national and international legal and documentation frameworks. However, current authorization and customs procedures are characterized by operational complexity due to regulatory fragmentation among States, overlapping institutional responsibilities, and the lack of shared...
The safe transport of short-lived medical radionuclides, such as Fluorine-18 labelled compounds, is critical for the delivery of effective nuclear medicine services. In developing countries such as Kenya, several safety-related challenges compromise the integrity of this process. Inadequate regulatory frameworks, limited technical expertise, and weak enforcement mechanisms hinder the...
The secure transport of nuclear and other radioactive material is a critical component of a State’s nuclear security regime. Preventing theft, sabotage, or unauthorized removal during road, air, and maritime shipments requires a systematic and coordinated approach involving multiple stakeholders, including regulatory authorities, operators, law enforcement, and customs agencies. Ghana’s...
Swiss competent authorities (Swiss CA) were approached by consignors reporting more and more difficulties with the transport of excepted packages (EP). Swiss CA have initiated an analysis of the situation inviting relevant carriers such as postal operator, national airline, and parcel services. Carriers confirmed the difficulties reported by the consignors. Carriers have provided reasons for...
The safe recovery and transport of highly enriched uranium hexafluoride (HEU-UF₆) remains a critical challenge for nuclear security operations. At present, there are no legal means to ship large quantities of HEU-UF₆ in its native volatile form, creating both regulatory and safety barriers to international material removal. To address this issue, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) developed...
Nuclear Transport Solutions is the leading global provider of safe, secure, and reliable transport of nuclear material. NTS has conducted over five million miles of nuclear rail transport in the UK and shipped over two thousand flasks of nuclear material internationally, with a 100% safety and security record, often in challenging operational environments. In an ever-developing world, the way...
See the attached synopsis.
Every year, over 20 million shipments of radioactive materials are transported worldwide for medicine, energy, industry, and research. Ensuring the safety and security of these shipments is critical.
This submission presents insight across four key areas:
- Legislative and Regulatory Framework:
Strong national laws and international agreements are needed to control the movement of...
Information Technology (IT), Operational technology (OT) and Sensitive Information assets all have critical roles in the safe and secure transportation of nuclear materials. IT systems drive logistics and communications; OT ensures the safety and reliability of transport vehicles and monitoring systems and information assets such as schedules, routes and protective measures represent prime...
Title:
Computer Security in Nuclear Material Transport: Digital Attack Surfaces and Mitigation Strategies
Themes:
Threats and risks / Computer security by Design
Abstract:
Nuclear material transportation occurs in public spaces, exposing it to unique safety and security challenges compared to stationary facilities. The theft or sabotage of nuclear material during...
The technical design of the Increased Capacity Cask (ICC) for storage and shipment of 30 VVER-1000/1200/1300 spent fuel assemblies (SFA), including the possible modification for storage, shipment and disposal (in the future, in an intermediate-depth repository) of canisters with ~5,4 m^3 of vitrified Cs-Sr fraction of High-Level Waste (HLW) resulted after spent fuel reprocessing was prepared...
Maisiagala Radioactive Waste Storage Facility (RWSF) is located about 30 km northwest of the Lithuanian capital Vilnius. Facility was built in 1961-1963 according to a typical design for a RADON type facility for low and intermediate level radioactive waste storage from research, medicine, military units and industry. Similar storage facilities have been built in several countries of the...
One of main challenges facing nuclear medicine in terms of quality and efficiency of this increasingly in-demand medical service is reliable radiopharmaceuticals supply to medical units. This aspect is even more relevant for hospitals located far from production sites in low-income countries.
This paper presents the experience of national cooperation between consignor, carrier and consignee...
Ansaldo Nucleare S.p.A. has designed, fabricated and partially qualified a high integrity container (CONTAS), for the conditioning, transportation and long term storage of solid ILW with low content of -emitter radionuclides. Based on national and international norms and standards (IAEA SSR-6, ADR-RID, UNI 11784, Raccolta V.S.R.) CONTAS complies with stringent requirements to ensure...
The global transport of nuclear and other radioactive material is an essential activity that underpins peaceful applications in energy, medicine, agriculture, research, and industry. With more than 20 million shipments annually, maintaining both safety and security during transport is critical to ensuring the uninterrupted use of radioactive materials worldwide. However, the emergence of...
The transport of radioactive materials includes the transportation of radioisotopes for industrial, medical, and research uses, and shipments of nuclear fuel cycle materials. In Cuba, CITMA Resolution 121/2000, "Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Materials," defines the requirements for establishing, implementing, evaluating, and constantly improving a management system that...
The Russian regulatory framework establishing requirements for the safe transport of radioactive material is constantly being improved. One of the most important directions for improving the national regulatory documents is their harmonization with the IAEA Safety Standards reflecting the current state of international experience in ensuring of the safe transport of radioactive materials. The...
Data-driven decision-making is a key aspect of the nuclear industry. Yet this data does not exist within a vacuum. Instead, digital systems are utilised at every stage of the nuclear lifecycle, from conceptual design to transport to daily operation and ultimately decommissioning, with accurate and reliable data an essential aspect of nuclear operations.
Due to the vast amount of data...
Abstract
Malaysian Nuclear Agency (NUKLEAR Malaysia) manages over 200 annual transports of high-activity Category I radioactive materials. To achieve durable resilience against accidents and malicious acts, NUKLEAR Malaysia employs a strategy centred on integrating safety and security cultures, supported by quantitative assessment and formal frameworks. A security culture survey of 430...
Colombia gained significant practical experience from two Cobalt-60 source consolidation processes carried out in 2016–2017 and 2020–2021. These operations made it possible to evaluate, under real conditions, the effectiveness of the procedures applied by the regulatory authority, operators, and law enforcement agencies, as well as the application of physical security requirements during...
Modern vehicles increasingly rely on electronics and small, embedded computer systems called Electronic Control Units (ECUs), which act as central hubs for sensing, computation, and control. Typical automobiles contain dozens of ECUs that connect to internal vehicle networks, typically Controller Area Networks (CANs). These systems, embedded within passenger cars, commercial fleets, and...
The UK’s Department for Energy Security and Net Zero (DESNZ) has partnered with Nuclear Transport Solutions (NTS) under the High Assay Low Enriched Uranium (HALEU) Fund Phase 3a Transport Solution to develop comprehensive solutions for the safe and efficient transport of HALEU. This proposal, building on the success of Project THOR, outlines key advancements in UK transport capabilities to...
The first decommissioning project of a disused Category 1 radioactive source, previously applied for medical purposes at the Medical Center Kladovo, was successfully carried out by PC NFS. According to national and international regulations, the transport of a Category 1 source must strictly comply with requirements regarding radiation protection, security, and overall safety.
One of the...
Abstract:
Nigeria utilizes nuclear and other radioactive materials extensively across various sectors of the economy to support national development. Consequently, ensuring the safe and secure transport of these materials is a vital aspect of the country's national security strategy. This paper outlines Nigeria's comprehensive approach to developing and implementing an effective transport...
Ensuring real-time safety monitoring during the transport of radiopharmaceuticals has become increasingly important as global supply chains expand and shipment distances grow. Effective management of environmental conditions and radiation exposure throughout the logistics process is now recognized as a critical component of maintaining product integrity and patient safety. However,...
Nowadays, in the age of the digital transformation, the control and monitoring of assets has transcended, becoming a strategic dominant. Asset geolocation web services emerge as a cutting-edge solution that unifies satellite tracking technology with a robust and scalable software architecture. This work details the structure and key components of a platform designed and developed for software...
The study focuses on the periodic assessment of radiation exposures to workers and members of the public arising from the transport of radioactive materials within, to, and from Türkiye, acknowledging that the safe transport of such materials is an essential element of radiation protection and nuclear safety since they are routinely transported for medical and industrial purposes. The actual...
Safe and reliable transport of radiopharmaceuticals is a critical requirement for patient treatment and public health systems worldwide. Many therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals are highly sensitive to temperature changes and must be kept under strict cryogenic conditions to preserve their stability, quality, and therapeutic effectiveness. However, existing transport containers face significant...
RAM-FSD is a initiative of the Cendit Foundation to contribute to the improvement of national strategies for moving disused sealed radioactive sources. This project seeks reinforce the generation and management of reports on the transportation of disused radioactive material in the country, but also represents a step in digital transformation by promoting platforms developed using free...
The management of disused sealed radioactive source heads requires packaging systems that ensure both radiological safety and structural integrity during transport. Guidelines established by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), along with national regulations, mandate rigorous testing under impact, pressure, and extreme environmental conditions. In response to these requirements, the...
Current regulatory infrastructure and the needs for development
The successful transportation of radioactive materials from the port of entry to the end users and vice versa is a highly regulated and technical process which involves key stakeholders to ensure safety and security. This paper is aimed at highlighting how the presence of effective collaboration among key stakeholders has aided the transportation of radioactive materials, the challenges...
In early 2024, the Department of Atomic Energy (Atom Malaysia) was informed by the Royal Malaysian Customs Department (RMCD) regarding the detention of five containers carrying zinc oxide intended for export. The Radiation Portal Monitoring (RPM) system installed at Pulau Pinang Port, located in northern Peninsular Malaysia, had been activated, indicating the possible presence of radioactive...
The secure transport of radioactive materials in East Africa is increasingly challenged by rising cargo volumes, diverse regulatory frameworks, and shifting geopolitical dynamics. As a frontline operator at Kenya’s primary seaport—a vital gateway to East and Central Africa—I regularly encounter issues in screening cargo for illicit or mis declared radioactive materials. These include...
Transport security is essential for the protection of an estimated 15–20 million shipments of nuclear and other radioactive materials annually across various sectors, including medicinal, nuclear, and agricultural sectors. This paper examines the critical role of effective knowledge management practices in overcoming systematic and cultural barriers that hinder operational efficiency and...
The safe and secure transport of nuclear and other radioactive material is a critical element in sustaining the peaceful uses of nuclear technology in medicine, industry, agriculture, and energy. As global reliance on radioactive material grows, ensuring the robustness of operational controls and administrative frameworks for transport becomes increasingly important. These controls must...
The management and transport of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM) within Africa's rapidly expanding extractive sector presents critical challenges in radiological safety and nuclear security governance. Despite the establishment of comprehensive international frameworks including IAEA Safety Standards Series SSR-6 (Rev. 1) and Nuclear Security Series NSS 46-T, the implementation...
Indonesia's Nuclear Energy Regulatory Agency (BAPETEN) currently utilizes the Bapeten Licensing and Inspection System Online (Balis Online), a web-based platform integrated with the Indonesia’s Online Single Submission - Risk Based Approach (OSS-RBA), to manage the licensing of nuclear activities. This system includes the transport of radioactive materials, a frequent activity in various...
In Pakistan, radioactive sources, from low to high activity, are used in medicine, industry, agriculture, research, and education. A number of radioactive sources are imported for such applications that, after their useful life, are returned back to the manufacturer/supplier or are disposed of within the country at designated storage sites. These sources during transport, operation, and...
Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority (PNRA) is the national authority in Pakistan to regulate the transport of radioactive material (RM) in the country. The PNRAregulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material PAK/916 (Rev.1) is based upon IAEA SSR-6(2018). PNRA ensures the compliance of these regulatory requirements by their licensees as well as consignor and/or consignee of...
The widespread applications of radioactive materials and radiation generating equipment in the field of industry, medicine, agriculture and research in Myanmar necessitated establishment of an efficient regulatory framework and consequently the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) constituted to exercise regulatory control over the safe and secure transport of the nuclear and radioactive...
ok
The safe transport of radioactive materials is a critical component of nuclear safety, aimed at protecting people and the environment from potential radiation exposure during handling and transit. One of the key safety measures involves the use of concrete as a shielding and containment material. The transport and packaging of radioactive materials, whether from the government or private...
The use of radioactive sources in low-income countries entails a number of challenges, including the supply and transport of sealed and unsealed sources to and from their locations.
Though there is enough experience and regulatory support, both internationally and domestic, for this activity, practical implementation and compliance monitoring appear to be the main considerations regarding...
The U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration (DOE/NNSA) has worked cooperatively with global partners to advance proliferation-resistant fuel cycle technologies and nuclear material management since its inception, successfully removing or confirming the disposition of more than 7.3 metric tons of weapons-usable nuclear material from 49 countries and Taiwan. This...
Legislative gap in the transport of naturally occurring radioactive material
The safe and secure transport of nuclear and radioactive materials is a critical element of national and international nuclear security frameworks. Given the increasing reliance on radioactive sources in medicine, industry, agriculture, energy production, and research, the transport of these materials demands a comprehensive, coordinated approach to guarantee safety, security, and regulatory...
The expansion of nuclear medicine in Kenya has created both opportunities and new responsibilities in the safe handling and transport of radioactive materials. At Kenyatta University Teaching, Referral & Research Hospital (KUTRRH), the only public hospital with a cyclotron, we not only produce fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) for our in-house PET/CT services but also package, label, and transport...
This paper will present how Nordion and ORNL have teamed to create a framework for collaboration to address the transportation challenges of today and tomorrow. Nordion and ORNL share a successful history of collaboration on transportation security and have a long-standing agreement to enhance the safety and security of Cobalt-60 (Co60). This shared history of partnership is important for...
As nuclear energy, medical isotopes, and radiological applications grow worldwide, so too does the volume and complexity of nuclear and radioactive material transport. Ensuring its safety and security depends not only on robust regulation and infrastructure, but on a well-trained, diverse, and future-ready workforce. This includes not just technical specialists, but also project managers,...
Since Germany is a transit country in the middle of Europe there are a lot of transports of radioactive material and of nuclear material in and through Germany. Every year there are more than half a million transports of radioactive material in Germany. Mostly radioactive sources for medical use or measurement tools. In addition to that there is a smaller amount of transports of nuclear...
Ghana upholds and recognizes international cooperation as a critical pillar in strengthening its regulatory framework for nuclear transport safety and security. Given the transboundary nature of nuclear and radioactive material transport, effective oversight requires alignment with international standards and best practices. Ghana is actively progressing in her quest to add nuclear power to...
In order to monitor and quickly respond to an issue when transporting radioactive material, we need to know where that material is as it is transported. The safety of the shipment necessitates knowing numerous time and position related details during the entire process: when it stops, how long it was stopped, where along its planned route it is, is it on the planned route, and so on. To do...
The international framework for the safe and secure transport of nuclear and other radioactive material by all modes of transportation (land, water, air) comprises of IAEA Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material (SSR-6) (Rev.1), Convention on Physical Protection of Nuclear Material and its amendment (CPPNM/A), IAEA NSS No. 13, IAEA NSS No. 14, UN Orange Book on the Transport...
Thailand has undertaken efforts to harmonize its national regulations governing the transport of radioactive materials (Class 7 Dangerous Goods) with international standards, particularly those of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR). These efforts are led by the Office of Atoms for Peace...
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) presents a maritime-intensive operational and legal environment that complicates governance of nuclear fuel transport. Nine of the ten ASEAN Member States (AMS) are coastal or archipelagic, and several have overlapping or disputed maritime claims [1], raising questions of jurisdiction, liability, and transboundary risk. As several Member...
The safe and secure transport of nuclear and other radioactive material is fundamental to supporting peaceful applications in medicine, industry, and energy. Competent authorities face increasing challenges in maintaining effective regulatory oversight due to the growing complexity of supply chains, evolving security threats, and the introduction of advanced technologies in transport systems....
The global nuclear sector is experiencing a wave of innovation driven by the development of emerging technologies such as advanced small modular reactors (SMRs), microreactors, floating nuclear power plants (FNPPs), many of them using novel fuels such as high-assay low-enriched uranium (HALEU) or TRI-structural ISO-tropic fuel (TRISO), and autonomous and AI-driven systems for transport and...
The objective of clarifying the scope of licensing and reviewing the regulatory authority's procedures is to ensure safe, transparent, and efficient licensing for the transport of radioactive materials by:
Reinforcing the importance of radioactive material transport licenses compared to other radiation practices.
Involving multiple entities (legal, financial, administrative, and audit)...
Paper title: Sharing Best Practices and Challenges for the Safe and Secure Transportation of Radioactive Material in Ukraine
SYNOPSIS
SE “USIE IZOTOP” is a state enterprise that was established in 1962 and specializing in the comprehensive management of radioactive material (RM) and sources of ionizing radiation (SIR) throughout their entire life cycle (that includes the transportation and...
In order to ensure the safe transportation of radioactive materials, it is necessary to design a safe and reliable tie-down device that meets the requirements of transportation organizations. Considering the load and space constraints of transport vehicles, the size and weight and freight volume of transport containers, the tie-down device should be designed as lightweight and miniaturized as...
The transport of radioactive materials in Cameroon is carried out in accordance with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)’s Transport Regulations. These regulations are reflected in national legislation and regulatory texts, in particular Law No. 2019012 of July 19, 2019, establishing the general framework for radiological safety, nuclear security, civil liability and the safeguards...
Myanmar has continuously worked to strength national nuclear safety and security infrastructure while attempting to achieve social and economic goals of sustainable development with the peaceful uses of radioactive materials. These materials are usually transported in, out and within the country. The transport of such materials must be operated/handled in a safe and secure manner/process...
The internal transport of radioactive material within a nuclear site is a highly sensitive operation that requires precise planning and strict security measures. In the upcoming years, PC NFS will be responsible for the decommissioning of the H1 and H2 hangars, which currently serve as storage facilities for legacy radioactive waste. This task will represent a highly complex and sensitive...
Introduction: Legal Framework
Through Agency legislative assistance and staff training provided under previous TC projects, Sudan received support in drafting and promulgating a comprehensive Nuclear Act that covers radiation safety and nuclear security, safeguards of the facilities, nuclear materials, radiation sources, and all activities involving peaceful uses of nuclear energy and...
Nuclear and radioactive materials in Ukraine remain most "vulnerable" to unauthorized access during transportation. In this regard, it is proposed to consider strengthening physical protection for the transportation stage, as an integral part of measures to improve physical protection and ensure control over the functioning of the physical protection system at facilities.
In Ukraine, the...
The use of new and innovative monitoring technologies in the civil nuclear industry is being explored to enable more efficient and cost-effective security of material, facilities, and premises. These advancements are being strongly considered in relation to the nuclear renaissance, in particular with emerging Small Modular Reactor (SMR) technology. However, new protective monitoring approaches...
The use of new and innovative monitoring technologies in the civil nuclear industry is being explored to enable more efficient and cost-effective security of material, facilities, and premises. These advancements are being strongly considered in relation to the nuclear renaissance, in particular with emerging Small Modular Reactor (SMR) technology. However, new protective monitoring approaches...
The safe and secure transport of nuclear and radioactive materials is a critical aspect of national security, public health, and environmental protection. Emerging technologies—such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and automation—are increasingly shaping the way these materials are handled during transport. These innovations enable real-time monitoring, enhance traceability, reduce human error,...
Abstract.
The safe, secure, and timely transport of medical radioisotopes is fundamental to sustaining nuclear medicine diagnostic and theranostic services. In Kenya, demand for radiopharmaceuticals such as Fluorine-18 Fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG), Fluorine-18 Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen (18F-PSMA), Gallium-68 tracers (PSMA, FAPI04, DOTA), Technetium-99m (Tc-99m), and therapeutic...
The safe and secure transport of radioactive material represents one of the most critical interfaces in the broader framework of nuclear governance. The physical movement of such materials across national and international routes not only ensures their beneficial applications in medicine, industry, agriculture, and research, but also exposes them to unique risks related to both safety and...
The safe, secure, and proliferation-resistant transport of nuclear and radiological materials remains one of the most sensitive stages of the nuclear fuel cycle. Transport activities encompass a broad spectrum: sealed radioactive sources for medical and industrial use, fresh and spent fuel assemblies, and, increasingly, prefabricated modules of Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) that may include...
Radioactive material is transported every year for peaceful applications in medicine, industrial exploration and development, as well as in basic scientific research and education in Madagascar.
Transport safety and security of radioactive material within the country is regulated.
Madagascar has adopted the IAEA Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material (SSR-6) to regulate...
Introduction
Materials are transported both domestically and abroad via land, sea, air, train, and road for uses in sophisticated scientific research, agriculture, nuclear power generation, and medicine and health. The annual shipment of radioactive materials is estimated by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) to be 20 million. Equally important is the need for transportation...
Abstract
Although the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) Chapter 8 (through Resolution A.491.XII in 1981, which is currently being revised) contains the Code of Safety for nuclear-propulsion ships, the relevant legal instruments governing the nuclear safety-and-security by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the International Atomic Energy Agency...
The proposed paper will present the uruguayan experience in the approval and execution of an international shipment under special arrangement.The shipment involved a multipurpose self-shielded modular irradiator with category 1 cobalt-60 sources. The paper will describe the stages of the shipment process for the reloading of the modular irradiator. It will also outline the provisions approved...
A management system is essential for ensuring the safe transport of radioactive material. Guidance on the implementation of a management system is provided in TS‑G‑1.4 [1], but the degree of detail depends on the package design and relevant transport activities. A transport comprises all operations and conditions associated with, and involved in, the movement of radioactive material.
How does...
The transport of radioactive materials poses significant safety and security challenges that require innova-tive solutions. Thousands of radioactive materials are transported during applications in nuclear medicine or in different industrial activities such as NDT and nuclear imaging. However, Core, the materials must be trans-ported with extreme care due to their hazard. To protect these...
In accordance with paragraph 308 of the IAEA Regulation for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material, the competent authority is required to carry out periodic dose assessments to members of the public due to the transport of radioactive material.
For the scope of this study ISIN - National Inspectorate for Nuclear Safety and Radiation Protection, which is the Italian regulatory authority...
This presentation illustrates the practical application of Germany’s national IT security regulations for high-risk radioactive material transport, using the fictional journey of transport container "Cerberus_74" as a case study. Starting from a nuclear medicine centre in southern Germany, the scenario highlights the logistical and digital challenges involved in safely transporting highly...
Scope
This study describe the safe and secure transport of two (cat. 2) Tele-therapy devises (Phoenix, T780C), which contained Depleted Uranium (DU) used as shielding material and have previously been applied for cancer treatment. The project describes the complete processes, from preparation of heads to their successful delivery to Hungary.
Background
This project is very...
Purpose
The secure transport of radioactive material (RAM) is critical to ensuring public safety, preventing malicious acts, and sustaining the peaceful use of nuclear technology in health, industry, agriculture, and research. Transport is often the most vulnerable phase in the lifecycle of RAM, taking place in the public domain and exposed to risks such as theft, diversion, or sabotage....
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) affirms its commitment to strengthening the national and international nuclear security regime. The KSA is party in the Convention of Physical Protection of Nuclear Material and its Amendment (A/CPPNM) since 2009 and 2011, respectively, and party in the Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and on the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management...
1- Introduction
Le transport de matières radioactives, avec plus de 20 millions d'expéditions annuelles, est une opération logistique de grande ampleur, vitale pour la médecine, l'agriculture, la recherche scientifique et la production d'énergie. La sûreté et la sécurité de ces opérations reposent sur un ensemble de règles internationales, dont les normes de l'AIEA sont les piliers....
Author: YIMELE Blaise Clovis
Affiliation: Radiological Safety and Nuclear Security Authority (ASRAN), Cameroon
Corresponding author: yiblaiclo@yahoo.fr
In Cameroon, radioactive materials in categories 1 to 5 are used in medical, industrial and research settings. The transport of radioactive materials is a reality there, and several stakeholders are involved, such as the Radiological Safety...
Title: Legislative and Regulatory Framework: Implementation of International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Safety Standards for the Safe and Secure Transport of Radioactive Material in Nigerian
A I. Amofuokhai,
Transport Safety Division, Nigerian Nuclear Regulatory Authority, Abuja, Nigeria
Email address: andyamo2000@yahoo.com
Abstract: The transport of radioactive material within...
Background :
Since the security of nuclear transports is concerned, in France, it is the state responsibility and the ministry of energy duty to design security regulations, to license authorised carriers, to authorize each shipment and to approve transport vectors. Having a large nuclear industry imposes France to have a robust and up-to-date nuclear security regime. In this regard,...
Technical Cooperation
Report Title: Transportation of Disused Sealed Radioactive Sources: Lessons Learned in Venezuela (2022–2025)
Report Issue Date: August 25, 2025
Author: Belkys Araque
Institución: National Center for Development and Research in Telecomunications Foundation CENDIT
Introduction
The transportation of disused sealed radioactive sources is...
The implementation of new technology to support enhanced transportation security is more than just implementing the technology itself. The integration of technology into the existing regulatory framework, including adoption by shippers, carriers, and response agencies can be challenging. This paper will describe how a competent authority can work with its licensees, and other stakeholders...
This paper elaborates the step wise regulatory approach opted by PNRA to establish the process, process details and details of activities performed by PNRA while issuing license as carrier of radioactive material. Some experience feedback to improve regulatory framework of the member states will also be explained in the paper
The regulatory framework governing the transport of radioactive material in Australia is established through a combination of Commonwealth, State, and Territory legislation. There are eleven competent authorities responsible for the safe transport of radioactive material: three at the Commonwealth level, six at the State level, and two at the Territory level.
Australia applies the...
In October 2025, the Mediterranean Network of competent authorities (CAs) for the transport of radioactive material (MedNet) marked it’s 10th anniversary since it’s official establishment even though activities had started since late 2013. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has been continuously supporting MedNet with both financial and technical resources. It is pertinent to...
In the Russian Federation, both operational and under construction nuclear power plants are implementing fuel assemblies with an increased mass of nuclear fuel and a design burnout depth, as well as nuclear fuel containing regenerated nuclear materials. In addition, new types of reactor installations are being built, which are also planned to use new types of nuclear fuel.
Deep-burnt highly...
The National Nuclear Security Administration’s (NNSA) Office of Radiological Security (ORS) strengthens US national security, as well as global security, by eliminating the threat of disused sealed radioactive sources (DSRS). To ensure that this mission is carried out successfully, LANL, INL and ORNL recognized a strong case for improvements in insider threat mitigation which led to the...
Paper being submitted by the DOE/NNSA Mobile Packaging Program
Ensuring the safe and secure transport of radioactive material requires robust evaluation methods that address both regulatory requirements and practical operational challenges. This work explores the application of Monte Carlo simulation codes, specifically MCNP and PHITS, to support safety and security assessments of transport packages across different modes of transport. The study...
SAFE AND SECURE TRANSPORT OF SMALL MODULAR REACTORS FOR DEPLOYMENT IN NIGERIA
Nigeria is seriously considering the feasibility of deploying small modular reactors (SMRs) across its geopolitical zones in order to achieve the goal of energy sufficiency for the country. The rationale behind this decision is due to; the country’s low-capacity grid, cost considerations for the deployment of SMRs...
A Surface Contaminated Object (SCO) is defined as a solid object which is not itself radioactive, but which has radioactive material distributed on its surfaces. The 2018 Edition of the IAEA Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material (SSR-6 Rev. 1) introduced the group SCO-III to transport unpackaged large objects.
The two pressurized water reactors of the Fessenheim Nuclear...
With 90% of the world’s youth, the next generation of workers, living in developing countries, it is more important than ever to invest in industries which offer sustainable and reliable employment opportunities. Global economic growth requires engagement across countries, skill level, and age groups. This increase in engagement and outreach from local populations leads to a simultaneous...
Problem
In Namibia, the safety and security of transporting nuclear and radioactive material are governed by the Atomic Energy and Radiation Protection Act, No. 5 of 2005, along with other applicable laws concerning different modes of transport and international legal instruments. This Act, together with relevant regulations and guidelines, aims to reduce radiation exposure to individuals and...
National Nuclear Security Administration’s (NNSA) Office of Radiological Security (ORS) enhances global security by preventing IAEA Category 1 and 2 quantities of radioactive material from being used in acts of terrorism. One strategy ORS employs to achieve this mission is the recovery of disused sealed radioactive sources (DSRS) that pose a potential risk to public health, safety, and...
The safe and secure transportation of nuclear and other radioactive material is a component of international nuclear safety and security, essential to protecting people, society, and the environment while enabling the numerous benefits of nuclear science and technology. Ranging from applications like medical isotopes and industrial sources, power generation, and research, international...
The transport of naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM) in Brazil poses challenges related to the country’s continental dimensions, infrastructure limitations, and regulatory restrictions. In mining, metallurgy, and oil sectors, thousands of tonnes are generated annually and must be moved over long distances, often across deficient road networks with limited logistical support and...
Ghana research reactor-1 (GHARR-1) has been operational since early 1995. It was mainly used for research and educational purposes. It was fueled with approximately 90.2% enriched HEU. There was the need to convert the fuel from HEU to LEU which aligned with global non-proliferation initiatives and involved the removal and transportation of the HEU core to China in 2017. The safe and secure...
Transportation of radioactive materials is one of the most sophisticated and sensitive means of transport, where even a minor mistake can cause disastrous consequences—ranging from small or large radiological accidents to money loss, delivery delays, and threats to patient care. In order to overcome these obstacles, we created the “Nucleo Guard Application”, An overall digital platform based...
The secure transport of Spent High-Activity Radioactive Sources (SHARS), particularly those contained within disused industrial and medical equipment such as irradiator and teletherapy units represents a critical and pervasive challenge to global nuclear security. The unauthorized access to or malicious use of SHARS during transit poses a significant radiological and security threat....
Several shipments of radioactive material take place both domestically and internationally. The effective controls required both safety and security measures being well placed when radioactive material is moved. The responsibilities of the consignor, consignee, carrier, regulatory bodies, modal authorities, border and law enforcement agencies play an important role in defining and implementing...
The geographical location of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as Russia), the existing developed railway network (in terms of the length of railways, Russia is in the top 3 after China and India with an indicator of 44.3 thousand km) together with the developed sea ports infrastructure, good-quality highways, specialized places for processing and storage of nuclear materials...
Impediments to the transport of radioactive material, even when shipments fully comply with international regulations, have become a recurring challenge with significant legal and societal implications. The phenomenon of “denial or delay of shipment” occurs when carriers, ports, or authorities refuse or postpone transport due to liability concerns, political sensitivities, or public pressure....
Since Malaysia began developing radioactive material in 1982 using the 1MW TRIGA MARK II research reactor and relies on imports to meet its growing nuclear demands [1], the safe and secure transport of radioactive packages is essential. The transport of packages containing radioactive material is a crucial activity that protects the public and environment from accidental radiation exposure,...
The current stage of nuclear energy development is characterized by growing interest in advanced reactors, including small modular reactors (SMR), fast reactors and nuclear power plants for space projects. These technologies require the use of high-grade low-enriched uranium fuel (HALEU) with enrichment from 5 to 20% U-235. The increasing global demand for HALEU poses the challenge of...
The Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority (PNRA) has issued regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material - PAK/916 (Rev.1), in line with IAEA SSR 6, that requires the licensee to ensure safety during transport activities by the use of the right packaging and placarding for radiation and criticality control in all modes of transport and having emergency plans in place....
This paper will outline the issued faced and solutions regarding country experience for Revalidation of Type B(U) Package with Depleted Uranium
The safe transport of radioactive materials is a key component of nuclear and radiological safety worldwide. In Ibero-America, this challenge requires not only robust technical standards but also coordinated regulatory efforts across countries with diverse infrastructures and operational practices. To address this need, the Foro Ibero-Americano de Organismos Reguladores Nucleares y...
Pakistan has a comprehensive nuclear power program, covering all facets of nuclear technology. Currently, six nuclear power plants, two research reactors, 20 cancer hospitals and four nuclear agriculture centers are in operation under the umbrella of Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission. From operation of these facilities, radioactive waste including Disused Sealed Radioactive Sources (DSRS) are...
This synopsis is a summary of how safety and security during transport is being planned for the transport of radioactive material.
This paper will describe the challenges faced, issues highlighted, and regulatory approach adopted by PNRA to abolish the use of 660 series gamma projectors in Pakistan. Furthermore, experience of implementation of regulatory order “Regulatory Order on Prohibition of 660 Series Gamma Radiographic Projectors' Use in Pakistan - (01/2018) will also be discussed.
In 2009 Poland launched large-scale nuclear new build programme aimed at construction of the country’s first nuclear power plants. When developing its nuclear legal framework the top priority of Poland is to ensure that it not only implements applicable international legal instruments but also reflects all relevant IAEA recommendations and guidelines (as well as good practices of other...
60Co radioactive source is a kind commonly used radioactive source in industrial irradiation processing, usually with an activity of about 10 kCi per source and a total activity of about 200 kCi per individual package. Radiation shielding is an important factor considered in the design of industrial irradiation source transportation containers, and an increase in shielding thickness can lead...
With the rapid development of the global nuclear energy industry, the number of nuclear power plants is constantly increasing, and the application of nuclear technology in medicine, industry and scientific research is also becoming more and more widespread. Along with this, the generation of low-level radioactive waste is also increasing. Low-level radioactive waste refers to radioactive waste...
The international transport of radioactive material plays a critical role in supporting peaceful applications of nuclear technology in energy, medicine, industry, and research. Ensuring the safe and secure movement of such material, especially after periods of storage or during transitional arrangements, presents specific operational challenges. Despite the existence of comprehensive...
On July 30, 2025, Tanzanian President Samia Suluhu Hassan launched uranium pilot processing plant in Namtumbo District, Ruvuma region in Southern Tanzania, approximately 470 km South West of Dar es Salaam and 120.46 km North East of Songea town. This is the first uranium processing plant in the country serving as a crucial step toward large-scale industrial operations. Although the pilot...
The transport of radioactive material requires specific regulatory frameworks to address safety and security challenges beyond those of general transport. At the international level, the IAEA establishes requirements through SSR-6 [1] and supporting safety guides [2, 3, 4, 5], including SSG-86 on Radiation Protection Programmes (RPP) for the Transport of Radioactive Material [6]. In Indonesia,...
For over six decades, the IAEA Transport Regulations (SSR-6) have provided the international framework for safe transport of radioactive materials, classified as Class 7 Dangerous Goods under the UN Orange Book. These regulations establish tiered safety requirements for different package types based on historical accident data and conventional transport conditions. The thermal testing...
The latest revision of the IAEA Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material (SSR-6, Rev. 1) introduced a new group of surface contaminated objects (SCO-III) which shall be applied for objects, that – due to their size - can only be transported unpackaged. The classification as SCO-III is typically used for the transport of disused steam generators, that are contaminated on their...
Abstract
The safe and secure transport of radioactive materials is a critical element of nuclear security and radiation protection. As the use of radioactive materials grows across Sub-Saharan Africa, especially in medical, industrial, and research applications, effective regulation and oversight of their cross-border movement becomes increasingly vital.
However, the region faces...
The safe and secure transportation of nuclear and radioactive materials is a vital aspect of the peaceful application of nuclear technology. In Ghana, the Nuclear Regulatory Authority (NRA), which was established by the Nuclear Regulatory Authority Act, 2015 (Act 895), has the responsibility to ensure that the transportation of these materials adheres to strict safety and security standards...
The safe and secure transport of radioactive material in Australia requires coordination among multiple authorities across various jurisdictions. Governed by Commonwealth, State, and Territory legislations, the regulatory framework implements the IAEA Regulations for Safe Transport of Radioactive Material (SSR-6) through the ARPANSA Code for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material by road,...
Le transport des matières nucléaires et radioactives constitue un maillon stratégique du cycle nucléaire et représente un enjeu majeur en matière de sûreté, de sécurité et de confiance publique. Alors que les flux mondiaux de matières sensibles s’intensifient pour des usages médicaux, industriels et énergétiques, la communauté internationale doit relever le défi d’assurer un cadre cohérent,...
Dear Ladies and Gentlemen,
My name is Andrii BACHURIN, the Deputy Head of Integrated Radioactive Material Management Department of the SSE Chornobyl NPP in Ukraine.
I would like to present the requirements and the description of activities at the SSE Chornobyl Nuclear Power Plant associated with transport of radioactive materials of different types by the SSE Chornobyl NPP within...
In 2018 ENSI, as Swiss competent authority for the transport of class 7 material and the licencing of storage casks, received a proposal for a new package design of a Dual Purpose Cask (DPC). This proposal comprises the request for a package approval and the request for a specific storage approval. The fulfilment of the requirements for transports according to SSR-6 and storage, which is...
Introduction
PET-CT has become an indispensable imaging modality in modern medicine particularly for oncology, cardiology and neurology. The most commonly used tracer, ¹⁸F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (¹⁸F-FDG), is produced in a medical cyclotron and then delivered to PET-CT centers for patient imaging. This synopsis evaluates the risk factors associated with ¹⁸F-FDG transport and proposes mitigation...
Malaysian Nuclear Agency (Nuclear Malaysia) is executing activities involving radioactive sources namely in medical, waste managements, industries and agriculture. The Radiation Protection Officer (RPO) plays a critical role in ensuring the safe transportation of radioactive sources within the Nuclear Malaysia, serving as the primary guardian of radiological safety throughout the entire...
JJ
In Tanzania, nuclear technology plays a pivotal role in improving healthcare, industrial and agricultural productivity. One of its benefits is the use of the sterile insect technique (SIT) to eradicate tsetse flies, which spread diseases to humans and livestock. This technique was successfully used at the Vector and Vector Borne Disease Centre (VVBDC) in Tanga using a Gamma-cell 200, Cobalt-60...
The Atomic Energy Council is a body corporate established by the Atomic Energy Act Cap. 154, with a mandate to regulate peaceful applications of ionizing radiation in Uganda.
In Uganda, radioactive material are used in medical applications for diagnosis and treatment of cancer, in industry for level gauging particularly in the bottling companies, for nuclear gauging operations during road...
Regarding their multi-plentiful applications in different fields, the safe (avoiding accidents) and secure (protecting from theft, attack, and sabotage) transport of radioactive materials is becoming a critical environmental and political issue to prevent accidents and avoid radiological releases. Furthermore, the decommissioning activities of the existing nuclear power plant will increase the...
The Argentine Nuclear Activity Law (Law No. 24,804) establishes that the Nuclear Regulatory Authority (ARN), Argentina´s regulatory body, shall have among its functions, attributions and obligations the issuance of regulations related to radiological and nuclear safety, physical protection and control of the use of nuclear material, the licensing and surveillance of nuclear facilities,...
The decommissioning of a Co-60 source from a radiotherapy unit at a public hospital in Rio Branco (High Complexity Oncology Unit – Unacon) in Acre State, located at Brazilian Amazonia region, required complex multimodal transport to the Center for Development of Nuclear Technology repository in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais.
Due to limited infrastructure in the Amazonia region, the transport...
Radioactive sources are used in different fields and several sectors, in Madagascar: health, industry, mining, and research. Currently, Madagascar exports large quantities of Normally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM), and uses a significant number of radioactive sources in industry and medicine, that increase widely the movement of radioactive material in transport at national level.
In...
The global energy transition points to Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) as a promising solution for decarbonization and flexible nuclear expansion. However, the success of this technology critically depends on resolving its inherent logistical and safety challenges, especially in the transportation of fresh and spent fuel. This study addresses an emerging regulatory and operational gap, using...
Synopsis
Spent fuel is highly radioactive and must be shielded and contained to be transported safely. Safe shipment requires a large, robust spent fuel container called a cask. The Nuclear Waste Policy Act sets a policy for safe, permanent disposal of spent fuel and other high-level radioactive wastes. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) regulates nuclear research and power reactors,...
The Gamma Knife is a highly sensitive and specialized medical device used in neurosurgery to treat brain tumors with precise radiation. Transporting this equipment, especially when it contains radioactive sources, requires strict adherence to safety and security protocols to prevent physical damage, radiation exposure, or security breaches.
This study evaluates the safe and reliable transport...
The Republic of Albania, a non-nuclear state situated in the Balkan region, utilizes radiation sources across various sectors, including medicine, industry, agriculture, research, and education. The Institute of Applied Nuclear Physics (IANP) is the country’s primary user of radioactive sources. It operates under license issued by the Radiation Protection Commission. This license covers...
An inspection team from the National on Nuclear, Radiation, Chemical and Biological Regulatory Commission inspected the shipment of radioactive sources arriving via Baghdad International Airport - air cargo and supervised the process of transporting these radioactive sources from the airport to the site of the installation at the Martyr Ghazi Al-Hariri Hospital in the Bab Al-Muadham area -...
The transport of radioactive materials is an indispensable component in the application of nuclear technology, and the safety of transport containers—as critical equipment during transit—has always been a major concern. This study focuses on the GT-CIRP-01 medical radioactive source transport container, aiming to comprehensively verify and evaluate its safety performance under extreme accident...
Abstract. Peaceful nuclear programs demand transport capabilities that can provide safe and secure Nuclear Material Transport according to the fuel cycle facilities location. This paper will show that countries embarking in nuclear programs should take into account that Transport Operations are inherent to the fuel cycle and should have requirements previously established related to the...
The 1950s saw the advent of the international civil nuclear sector. In 1954, the former Soviet Union’s Obninsk nuclear power plant was the first to be connected to an electricity power grid. Two years later, in 1956, Calder Hall Nuclear Power Station was the first commercial nuclear power plant to be connected to the UK’s national electricity power grid. Nuclear safety has always been...
The deployment of floating nuclear power plants (FNPPs) at seaports raises novel questions about the adequacy and sufficiency of existing nuclear and maritime security guidance because of the long-standing history of seaports as transit locations for nuclear material compared to long-term associated facilities, now considered with FNPP deployment. Many ports will have existing infrastructure...
In support of global nuclear non-proliferation and reactor safety, Nigeria successfully executed the transport of high enriched uranium (HEU) and low enriched uranium (LEU) fuels following the conversion of its research reactor. This paper presents a comprehensive account of the planning, coordination, and execution of both export and import shipments, conducted in compliance with the Nigerian...
Securing the transport of disused Category 1 sources is particularly challenging when carried out in a medical facility, due to the need to ensure continuity of healthcare services while implementing strict security measures. This paper presents the case of decommissioning two medical sources from the Health Center in Kladovo, where PC NFS acted as the project leader and the only licensed...
When constructing a Basic Nuclear Installation (BNI), potential sites are carefully analyzed in order to select the one that guarantees the highest possible level security for the future installation. The same principle applies to the selection of transport routes between different BNIs, as not all routes offer the same level security. The French regulatory framework of the transport of...
Background
Sellafield is a large industrial nuclear facility in the north west of England. It has been part of the UK Nuclear industry since the 1950s. The Sellafield Site contains a large variety of facilities with nuclear inventory, employs >10,000 employees and is a complex and hazardous site.
Our current activities relate to decommissioning, remediation, and environmental clean-up. To...
Demand for Jordan Research and Training Reactor (JRTR) radioisotope products is rising,requiring round-the-clock transport scheduling to ensure timely delivery, especially for short-lived isotopes. JRTR now transports its products using its own vehicles. Radiological Protection (RP) measures are taken during the transport of Radioactive Material (RAM) to protect both personnel and the public...
The report notes that despite the record of safety and security in transport of
radioactive materials (RM) in Russia and other countries, ones of the most pressing
issues of improving the regulatory system and implementing the regulatory
requirements in practice of transport of RM are issues of interfacing of safety and
security.
Effective interfacing requires consideration of some...
Background
The secure transport of radioactive materials is a global security priority due to risks of theft, sabotage, and potential misuse in terrorism. Sri Lanka, a strategic hub in the Indian Ocean with a growing radiological industry, has developed a localized, risk-informed transport security framework. This approach integrates international best practices with domestic capabilities,...
The safe and secure transport of nuclear and other radioactive material is a critical component of the global nuclear sector, supporting applications in energy, medicine, agriculture, and industry. While robust legal and regulatory frameworks have been established, the sustainability and effectiveness of these frameworks depend largely on the availability of competent human resources. In this...
Synopses
In order to ensure the safe and secure transportation of radioactive sources, especially in newcomer nuclear states where their usage is rapidly expanding, it is crucial for every state to take full responsibility. Developing sustainable capacity at both national and regional levels is essential to address transportation risks such as unauthorized access, theft, sabotage, and delays...
The safe and secure transport of radioactive materials is a crucial requirement for protecting human health, the environment, and national security. It is also vital for sustaining public trust in the peaceful applications of nuclear science and technology. In Ghana, where radioactive sources are widely used in medicine, industry, research, and agriculture, the development and enforcement of a...
The transportation of nuclear and radioactive materials remains to be an essential component of nuclear applications due to its broad use across such fields as medicine, industry, research, and agriculture. Considering its possible risks and global mobility, it is important to take into account the safety and security of such materials when they are being transported. For developing countries...
I. Background
Rwanda has developed a robust legal and regulatory framework to ensure the safe and secure transport of nuclear and radioactive materials, including Regulation No005/R/RS-NRP/RURA/2021 on transport and Law No. 59/2017 on radiation protection. Although the number of shipments remains low, they are expected to rise significantly with Rwanda's forthcoming nuclear power program....
Chad, a Central African country with a population of approximately 12 million, uses radiation sources in medicine and industry, particularly in petroleum exploration. Radioactive sources are also used in sectors such as breweries, road construction, and other sectors of socio-economic significance. While these applications offer important benefits, the risks of diversion, theft, and sabotage...
The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) Task Group 120 (TG120) is developing recommendations on protecting people and the environment across a wide spectrum of radiation emergencies and malicious events, complementing ICRP Publication 146 (2020) on large nuclear accidents. The scope includes emergencies during the transport of nuclear and radioactive materials, accidents...
Indonesia is preparing to operate its first nuclear power plant by 2032, marking a critical milestone in its national energy transition and long-term net-zero target. One of the most sensitive stages in this development is the transport of nuclear and radioactive material, which requires addressing dual challenges: ensuring safety against accidents, radiation exposure, and environmental...
The safe and secure transport of nuclear and radioactive material is a critical aspect of nuclear security, as it directly protects people, the environment, and infrastructure. Transport operations take place in the public domain, often involving multiple transfers, different transport modes, and interactions with diverse actors. This complexity introduces unique vulnerabilities that require...
Improving a State's national regulatory framework for transport of radioactive materials remains the cornerstone of the nuclear security regime. The National Radiation Protection Agency set up in 2002 was changed to Radiological Safety and Nuclear Security Authority in 2024, and aims to regulate nuclear and radioactive materials within in Cameroon. One of its aims amongst others is to ensure...
Dear Members of the Scientific Programme Committee,
It is my honor to submit the following synopsis for consideration as a presentation at the International Conference on the Safe and Secure Transport of Nuclear and Radioactive Material, organized by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). The proposed presentation will focus on Costa Rica’s recent efforts to enhance safety and...
The safe and secure transport of radioactive material is increasingly important in Nepal, a landlocked and non-nuclear country where the use of radiation is growing in the medical field, mainly for imaging and cancer treatment. While Nepal does not produce or possess nuclear materials, but it imports both sealed and unsealed radioactive sources for medical applications.
A notable incident in...
The safe and secure transport of radioactive material is a critical component of nuclear safety and security infrastructure, particularly in countries experiencing increased medical, industrial, and research applications of radioactive sources. This study investigates the current policy and regulatory framework governing the transport of nuclear and radioactive material in Kenya, evaluates...
This paper focuses on the French approach to nuclear security in the transport of High-activity sealed radioactive sources (HASS). It describes the legal framework and the new authorisation process to ensure that security measures are applied correctly.
The safe and secure transport of radioactive material is essential to protect public health, the environment, and critical infrastructure. Namibia, as a significant uranium-producing nation, occupies a strategic role in the global nuclear supply chain and faces challenges in ensuring transport safety for materials used in mining, healthcare, and research. This submission examines Namibia’s...
Abstract
The safe transport of radioactive material requires robust regulatory systems, standardization, and accredited conformity assessment bodies (CABs). Indonesia has adopted several regulations [6] [18] and national standards [11–15], yet faces critical challenges in aligning with updated international standards such as IAEA SSR-6 Rev.1 [1] and the quality management system standard...
The secure transport of radioactive materials is essential for nuclear safety and security. This paper outlines Ghana's strategic approach to transport security, detailing regulatory frameworks, operational procedures, and technological measures. The paper outlines various regulatory requirements such as written procedures, shipper and carrier credentials, route selection, transport schedules...
ISIN - National Inspectorate for Nuclear Safety and Radiation Protection, which is the Italian regulatory authority for nuclear safety and radiation protection, has developed a web based application called STRIMS, which, starting from January 2022, represents the ISIN Traceability System for Radioactive Waste, Nuclear Materials and Ionizing Radiation Sources.
STRIMS has been developed to...
Sudan uses radioactive sources in an increasing number of applications in medicine, agriculture, industry, and research and education and hundreds of radioactive sources are transported around the country and/or pass through Khartoum International Airport every year. Sudan is also considering the introduction of nuclear power in its energy mix. In this regard Sudan has in place a legal and...
Abstract
The transport of radioactive sources poses significant safety and security risks that require a comprehensive, well-coordinated, and sustainable national framework. Sudan has made measurable progress in strengthening its capabilities in this area, guided by its Nuclear and Radiological Regulatory Act (2017) and aligned with international standards, particularly those of the...
In response to growing transnational threats such as terrorism and the illicit trafficking of radioactive materials, Tunisia has enhanced its national security measures by deploying radiation detection systems at critical border points. Despite these efforts, challenges remain, including the limited availability of Radiation Portal Monitors (RPMs) and the need for improved training of customs...
The secure transport of radioactive sources requires a capable workforce that understands not only their own job role and responsibilities, but also the interfaces with other parties involved in a transport. The World Institute for Nuclear Security (WINS), in partnership with Thailand’s Office of Atoms for Peace (OAP) and with the generous support of Global Affairs Canada’s Weapons Threat...
The attached synopsis is submitted for consideration of being selected for inclusion in the 2026 Conference on the Safe and Secure Transport of Nuclear and Radioactive Material.
Que pour 100 accidents de circulation corporels au sein desquels on dénombrait un taux moyen de 6,6% de tués, ce taux s'élevait à 17,4% lorsqu'un poids lourd transporte les marchandises.
Voici neuf éléments clés pour relever les défis actuels de la sûreté dans le secteur des transports et de la logistique.
1. Les avancées technologiques transforment le paysage de la sûreté
Le secteur des...
Over the past decade, Medical ALD (Medical Storage, Logistics and Distribution Ltda.) has consolidated an innovative logistical management model in Brazil, becoming a reference in the distribution of radiopharmaceuticals, sealed sources, and calibration standards. This paper presents the company’s 10-year experience, highlighting strategies in operations, infrastructure, compliance, and...
Introduction: Due to the presence of radionuclides, monazite is classified as NORM. For transport purposes, however, the classification of monazite as radioactive material depends not only on the mass fraction of uranium and thorium, but also on the activity concentration (Bq/g). According to the IAEA’s SSR-6, NORM and ores containing radionuclides are exempt from regulatory control...
Presentation title:
The Cuban Experience in Managing the Interface between Nuclear Safety, Radiation Protection, and Nuclear Physical Security in the Transportation of Radioactive Materials
Objective of the presentation:
To present the national practice, challenges, achievements and lessons learned in Cuba regarding the coordination between the disciplines of nuclear safety , radiological...
1. Introduction
The safe and secure transport of high-activity Category I radioactive sources presents complex challenges requiring meticulous planning and rigorous adherence to safety protocols. This paper details the comprehensive safety and security framework implemented for the replacement of a Co-60 source in the Eldorado-8 teletherapy calibration machine at the Secondary Standard...
Hungary has a broad nuclear industry, including NPP with four operating units, two research reactors, spent fuel interim storage facility and other radioactive waste treatment and disposal facilities handling the radioactive waste generated by the activities of more than 350 users of nuclear and other radioactive materials. The above described industrial activities result every year in a large...
This paper presents an overview of current issues related to ensuring the physical protection of nuclear material during international transport. By analyzing international legal framework of physical protection regulation, as well as other international legally binding documents related to international transport of goods, the author explores the main point and content of the notion of...
Microreactors are compact reactors capable of producing less than 50 megawatts of electrical energy. Typically, these reactors are factory-fabricated and designed to be transportable by truck, rail, vessel, or air. Microreactor designs often assume that the reactor can be transported containing either unirradiated or irradiated fuel. The interest in microreactors is driven by several factors,...
The safe and secure transport of nuclear and radioactive material requires not only robust technical and operational measures but also a clear and predictable legal framework. Nuclear third-party liability laws form a critical part of that framework, as they provide legal certainty regarding compensation in the event of a transport-related nuclear incident.
The importance of these liability...
The Italian regulatory framework for the transport of radioactive material is complex because multiple authorities have safety responsibilities within the safety regulatory framework, and in some cases the responsibilities and functions of each authority are not clearly specified in the relevant legislation. ISIN – National Inspectorate for Nuclear Safety and Radiation Protection is the main...
This study provides an in-depth analysis of the legislative and regulatory framework governing the safe and secure transport of radioactive materials in the Republic of Türkiye (Türkiye) , where thousands of such consignments are undertaken annually for medical, industrial, and energy-related purposes. Particular emphasis is placed on the operational experience gained from the recent transport...
This presentation will give an overview of the regulation of transport radiation emergency preparedness and response requirements within Great Britain and will be delivered by an inspector of the competent authority for this area, the Office for Nuclear Regulation (ONR). The presentation will relate primarily to the conference theme of Legislative and Regulatory Framework for Safe and Secure...
The regulatory landscape for electric-powered vehicles (EVs) in South Africa
Introduction
Vehicle safety in the transportation of radioactive materials is crucial to protect public health, the environment, and national security by preventing releases, limiting radiation exposure, and deterring malicious acts. This is achieved through stringent regulations from competent authorities. Some...
The transport of nuclear and radioactive materials presents one of the most sensitive areas of atomic energy regulation due to the potential risks it poses to the public, the environment and national security. The International Atomic Energy Agency(IAEA) established comprehensive safety standards and requirements for the safe transport of such materials, recognizing that they are essential for...
Introduction
Sudanese Nuclear and Radiological Regulatory Authority (SNRRA) has been fully independent after the promulgation of the Nuclear Law Act 2017. Nuclear Security Support Center (NSSC) is one of technical arms of the Nuclear Security Directorate- SNRRA. NSSC was established and equipped with the main equipment and material to deliver the training in efficient way and the...
Hundreds of patients from across all Iraqi governorates seek treatment at the hospital each year. With rising patient numbers, timely access to radiotherapy is critical for preventing disease progression. Modernisation of radiotherapy infrastructure, including the replacement of outdated cobalt units with advanced linear accelerators, has therefore become a priority.The dismantling and...
The dynamic economic growth of ASEAN Member States has led to an increasing use of radioactive materials across multiple sectors, including industry, healthcare, services, oil and gas, and construction. Various regulations on the safety and security of radioactive materials utilization have been enacted and are strictly enforced. Nevertheless, incidents of loss or theft of movable radioactive...
This technical intervention involved the dismantling, packaging, transport, and disposal of a Gammacell 40 irradiator unit containing two sealed Cesium-137 (Cs-137) sources, each with an activity of 29 TBq. The irradiator was installed within the radiation-shielded bunker of a hospital facility and had reached the end of its operational life. The objective of the intervention was the safe...
The Arbeitsgemeinschaft Versuchsreaktor (AVR) Jülich, a prototype pebble-bed high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR) operated from 1967 to 1988, was designed with the intent to demonstrate the feasibility of graphite-moderated, helium-cooled reactors with spherical fuel elements and for commercial power generation. AVR used three primary types of pebbles: fuel, moderator, and absorber...
Background:
The safe and secure transport of radioactive materials is an essential element of a country’s nuclear infrastructure. In Kenya, radiopharmaceuticals such as Fluorine-18 (¹⁸F), Technetium-99m (⁹⁹ᵐTc), Iodine-131 (¹³¹I), Lutetium-177 (¹⁷⁷Lu), and Gallium-68 (⁶⁸Ga) play a central role in nuclear medicine for diagnosis and therapy. Their short half-lives, specialized storage needs,...
Copenhagen Atomics has entered a collaboration agreement with the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) to initiate the BALDER project for licensing, construction, and operation of molten salt experiments at the Villigen site in Switzerland. The Copenhagen Atomics Molten Salt Experiment (MSE) is the first planned experiment, to be conducted within a purpose-built Nuclear Test Facility (NT).
The MSE,...
Increased awareness of environmental issues has driven the widespread use of beta absorption-based air particulate analyzers. These instruments utilize the radiometric principle with beta ray sealed sources, typically 14C, 63Ni, or 85Kr (with activities from 0.45 MBq up to 75 MBq), to continuously measure the concentration of airborne particulate matter (PM).
These instruments are used both...
Background and Objectives
The regulated activities involving Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM) in South Africa (SA) include the mining and processing of Gold, Copper, Uranium, Heavy Minerals Concentrates, Phosphate rock, Manufacturing of Fertilizers, Recycling of scrap material contaminated by NORM, Small users (i.e. laboratories) conducting tests of small quantities of NORM...
In Canada and around the world, there has been increasing interest in the possible use of small modular reactors (SMRs) as a low-carbon footprint energy solution to achieve climate change targets. Three potential applications for SMRs in Canada are: on-grid; heavy industry; and remote communities, each characterized by different energy demands [1]. A subset of SMRs (microreactors) with power...
The paper addresses the multifaceted challenges associated with the transport of nuclear material from decommissioned or closed facilities to other locations for potential reuse. This approach not only supports sustainability in the nuclear sector but also contributes to minimizing the generation of radioactive waste, aligning with broader environmental and operational goals.
Starting in the second half of 2022, the Ministry of Science and Technology began receiving national powers regarding the peaceful and safe use of atomic energy policies, formally authorized by presidential decree, effective March 9, 2023.
Among the responsibilities received was addressing the DSRS reported by the IAEA in 2012 during a mission of experts that included various public...
Nuclear energy utilisation in Indonesia is extensive, spanning various sectors, including medical and industry. Indonesia has a regulatory body, Indonesian Nuclear Energy Regulatory Agency (BAPETEN), tasked with overseeing all nuclear energy utilisation with three main aspects: regulations, licensing and inspections, as stipulated in Act No. 10 of 1997 on Nuclear Energy.
In practice, not...
In the ever-changing environment of nuclear fuel management, including issues related to nuclear non-proliferation efforts, the safe transportation of various spent or irradiated fuel elements, especially those containing highly enriched uranium (HEU) fuel, continues to pose critical technical and regulatory challenges. The technical challenges, primarily driven by security and pragmatic...
In the United States (U.S.), a risk-informed package approval process has been developed to address the regulatory challenges of safely transporting microreactors that may contain irradiated nuclear fuel. Regulatory approval of such a transportation package based on quantitative risk information would be groundbreaking and could help pave the way for general use of microreactors in both...
Ensuring no individual is committed to an unacceptable risk due to radiation exposure during the transport of radioactive materials (RAM) is essential. A radiation monitoring program for the radioisotopes transport team is applied at the Jordan Research and Training Reactor (JRTR). Thus, a limit of 50 mSv/y, not exceeding 100 mSv/5y, is set at the JRTR. Additionally, a transport dose...
Swiss competent authorities (Swiss CA) were approached by consignors reporting more and more difficulties with the international transport of approved packages, which are subject to validations. Further investigation and discussion on international level provided significant issues with respect to national implementation of validation procedures and requirements. As a result, transports must...
The safe and secure transport of radioactive waste (RW) in Ukraine involves a multi-stage process encompassing preparation, packaging, loading, shipment, unloading and receipt at interim storage facilities, followed by transfer to long-term storage or disposal sites. Each stage is governed by national regulations harmonised with IAEA standards. The paper highlights Ukraine’s regulatory...
